Cambodia Scam Compounds: How Casinos, Landlords and Corruption Sustain Forced Online Fraud

A commercial lease discovered inside an abandoned compound on the Cambodia-Thailand border has exposed a question at the center of Southeast Asia’s trafficking-fueled cybercrime industry: who provides the buildings, land, licenses and protection that allow industrial-scale scam operations to function?

A Reuters investigation published on July 15, 2026, found that Lim Heng Group, a Cambodian gambling and real estate business, leased three buildings on land shared with its Royal Hill Resort and Casino in O’Smach to a Chinese national. Reuters reported that the buildings were subsequently used for large-scale online fraud and human trafficking operations. Inside, rooms had been constructed to resemble foreign police stations and bank branches, creating elaborate sets from which workers impersonated trusted institutions while defrauding people around the world.

Reuters found no evidence that Lim Heng Group was directly involved in the trafficking or fraud conducted at the site. The company and Royal Hill did not respond to the news agency’s questions. That distinction is legally important. A landlord relationship does not, by itself, establish knowledge of or participation in criminal activity.

Yet the investigation reveals why Cambodia’s scam compounds cannot be understood solely as secret operations run by isolated foreign gangs. Fraud on this scale requires physical infrastructure, commercial agreements, electricity, telecommunications, security, transportation, financial services and access to land. It also requires an environment in which conspicuous sites can operate for extended periods without effective intervention.

The Royal Hill findings therefore reach beyond one casino or landlord. They concern the political and economic systems that can make human trafficking profitable, visible and remarkably difficult to dismantle.

What This Article Covers

• What Reuters discovered at the Royal Hill compound in O’Smach
• How people are trafficked into scam centers and forced to commit online fraud
• Why casinos, property owners and commercial landlords matter to these operations
• The distinction between documented business relationships and proven criminal involvement
• How corruption, political protection and weak regulation can enable trafficking
• What Cambodia and international authorities are doing in response
• What stronger accountability and survivor protection would require

Key Takeaways

• Reuters found that Lim Heng Group leased three Royal Hill buildings to a Chinese national for $200,000 a month under a two-year agreement.
• The buildings were used for online scams and contained staged foreign police stations, bank branches, call booths, offices and worker accommodations.
• Reuters found no evidence that Lim Heng Group directly participated in the trafficking or fraud.
• Scam centers depend on legitimate-looking infrastructure, including casinos, hotels, real estate, technology platforms and financial systems.
• People working inside scam compounds may be trafficking victims forced to commit crimes, although not every person involved in scam operations is trafficked.
• International investigators increasingly treat scam compounds as a convergence of human trafficking, cybercrime, corruption and money laundering.
• Raids are not enough unless authorities investigate property ownership, financial beneficiaries, recruiters, security providers and officials who may facilitate or protect the operations.

Why This Story Matters Now

Scam compounds that were once regarded as a concentrated Southeast Asian crime problem have become part of a global trafficking and financial fraud network.

INTERPOL reported in its 2026 Global Financial Fraud Threat Assessment that people from nearly 80 countries had been trafficked into online scam centers by late 2025. These operations have expanded beyond their original concentration in Southeast Asia, with related sites or methods reported in Africa, the Middle East, Central America and South America. INTERPOL describes a “dual-victim” business model: one group is trafficked and forced to commit fraud, while another group, often located in a different country, is financially deceived.

Cambodia has become one of the principal locations associated with the industry. The country has announced a major crackdown, arrested alleged organizers, enacted legislation targeting online scams and said that hundreds of sites have been closed or disrupted. Cambodian officials maintain that the government is committed to eliminating the industry and cooperating with international partners.

Independent investigations, however, continue to raise questions about the reach and consistency of that response. Amnesty International reported in June 2026 that more than 70 percent of the Cambodian compounds it had identified appeared to have been bypassed by the crackdown. Of 73 survivors interviewed for its latest research, Amnesty said none had been formally recognized as a trafficking victim. The Cambodian government did not respond to Amnesty’s questions about that investigation.

The Royal Hill case matters because it shifts attention from the workers and low-level operators found inside compounds to the infrastructure surrounding them. The central question is no longer only who carried out the scams. It is also who owned the land, collected rent, issued licenses, supplied security, processed money and allowed the sites to remain operational.

The Background: What Is a Trafficking-Fueled Scam Compound?

A scam compound is a controlled site from which organized groups conduct online fraud at scale. Some are purpose-built complexes. Others operate from casinos, hotels, apartment blocks, resorts, office parks or developments in border regions and special economic zones.

The fraud can involve fabricated investment platforms, romance-based manipulation, cryptocurrency schemes, police impersonation, banking impersonation, illegal gambling, sextortion and other forms of social engineering. Workers may be instructed to contact hundreds of potential targets, follow prepared scripts, create false identities and develop relationships before directing people toward fraudulent payments or investments.

Many workers enter willingly and participate voluntarily. Others are deceived by advertisements for legitimate employment in technology, customer service, administration or online marketing. After traveling, their passports may be confiscated, their movement restricted and invented recruitment or transportation debts imposed upon them. Threats, violence, surveillance and the possibility of being transferred or sold to another operation can then be used to force them to continue working.

This is known as trafficking for forced criminality. The person is exploited by being compelled to commit an offense that generates income for someone else.

International human rights standards recognize that trafficking victims should not be punished for unlawful conduct they were compelled to carry out as a direct consequence of their exploitation. This is known as the non-punishment principle. Applying it requires authorities to screen people individually rather than assuming that everyone found inside a scam center is either an innocent worker or a willing criminal.

What Reuters Found at Royal Hill

Royal Hill Resort and Casino stands near the Thai border in O’Smach, a Cambodian town that underwent extensive construction as scam activity expanded in the surrounding area.

Reuters reported that a March 2024 agreement showed Royal Hill leasing three buildings in its compound to an unnamed Chinese national for two years. The agreed rent was $200,000 a month. Reuters compared this with a mixed-use building of similar size advertised in an affluent part of Phnom Penh for $25,000 a month. The price difference does not prove illegality, but it raises legitimate questions about the commercial value of premises used by high-revenue criminal operations.

The lease was found in one of the buildings after the site had been abandoned. Reuters visited the area in February and March 2026 at the invitation of the Thai military, which had occupied the location following strikes during a brief border conflict in December 2025. Thailand said the site had been used by Cambodian forces for military activity. Cambodia denied that account and described the strikes as attacks on civilian infrastructure.

Inside the buildings, Reuters documented soundproofed calling booths, dormitories, scam scripts and rooms staged to resemble foreign institutions. One was constructed to imitate a Singapore police station. Another copied a Vietnamese bank branch. Such environments allow scammers to make video calls from convincing settings while impersonating police officers, bank employees or government representatives.

Thai security forces estimated that the fenced Royal Hill structures housed approximately 3,000 people and were part of a much larger scam park. Reuters also reported that Australian authorities had connected nearly $3 million in losses suffered by Australian targets to the operation.

The proximity was not incidental in a geographic sense. Reuters reported that the leased buildings were tens of meters from the casino and connected to it by a paved road through the resort entrance. The dimensions of the structures corresponded with descriptions in the agreement, according to an architect who reviewed satellite imagery for Reuters.

Again, these findings establish a commercial and physical relationship. They do not establish that Lim Heng Group directed, knowingly supported or participated in trafficking or fraud. Reuters explicitly reported that it found no evidence of direct involvement by the company.

The Human Trafficking Behind the Technology

The sophistication of the rooms inside Royal Hill can make the operation appear primarily technological. Its labor system was not.

Pornpen Aimhun, a Thai woman interviewed by Reuters, said she responded to a Facebook advertisement in 2022 for a web administrator position. Instead, she was taken to Royal Hill and compelled to participate in a police impersonation scheme. She described guards monitoring workers and punishments for failing to meet targets before she eventually escaped. Reuters corroborated parts of her account with another person who said they had been held at the site and with Thai police, who identified Pornpen as a witness in a fraud case.

Her experience reflects a wider recruitment pattern. Research published by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in 2026 found that nearly three-quarters of the survivors in the underlying interviews had been recruited through a trusted source. Seventy-nine percent had been unaware of the existence of scam operations before they were trafficked. Poverty, debt, healthcare costs, education expenses and limited employment opportunities were repeatedly identified as factors shaping people’s decisions to accept work.

This is why warnings that focus only on obviously suspicious advertisements are insufficient. Recruitment may come through acquaintances, former colleagues, relatives or people who appear to have completed the same journey successfully. The role of a trusted intermediary can make an offer feel safer than an anonymous online message.

Technology platforms remain part of the recruitment infrastructure. Meta told Reuters that Facebook displays warnings when users search for terms associated with fraudulent job postings. Platform warnings may prevent some cases, but they cannot replace faster detection of recruitment networks, meaningful verification of advertisers and cooperation with investigators across borders.

Forced Criminality Creates Two Groups of Victims

The scam-center model depends on separating the harm into two stories.

The first concerns the person who receives an unsolicited message, develops what appears to be a relationship with someone online and is persuaded to transfer savings into a fraudulent investment platform. Financial losses can destroy retirement plans, businesses and family security. INTERPOL has emphasized that the psychological consequences can be severe and lasting.

The second concerns the person sending the messages. That individual may be a willing participant, a low-level employee with some freedom to leave, or a trafficking victim working under coercion. In some compounds, all three categories may be present at the same time.

Treating every scam worker as a trafficking victim would erase individual responsibility and obstruct legitimate criminal investigations. Treating every worker as a voluntary offender would expose trafficked people to detention, prosecution or deportation while allowing recruiters, compound owners and organizers to remain beyond scrutiny.

Reuters reported that a Thai court convicted one Thai national who had voluntarily worked as a low-level scammer at Royal Hill. That case demonstrates why individual assessment matters. Voluntary participation can be prosecuted while trafficking indicators are investigated in other cases.

OHCHR’s 2026 findings suggest that this distinction is often poorly applied. Nearly 70 percent of released survivors included in the research had experienced some form of penalization rather than protection. UN experts have called on governments to apply the non-punishment principle fully and ensure that return, rehabilitation and legal processes respect survivors’ rights and dignity.

Why Casinos and Landlords Matter

Industrial-scale fraud cannot operate from a laptop alone.

A large scam compound needs buildings that can accommodate offices, dormitories, guarded entrances, communications equipment and sometimes hundreds or thousands of workers. It needs reliable electricity and internet access. It requires vehicles, food, security personnel and financial channels. It may also need a legitimate business facade that explains why large numbers of foreign nationals and substantial flows of money are present at one location.

Casinos and resorts can provide several of these features at once. They operate in cash-intensive environments, receive international visitors, maintain private security and often occupy large sites near borders or in specially regulated economic areas. UNODC has repeatedly identified the convergence of casinos, online fraud, underground banking, money laundering and trafficking for forced criminality in Southeast Asia.

This does not mean that casinos as a category are criminal enterprises. It means that casino-linked property and weakly supervised gambling environments have characteristics that organized crime can exploit.

The same principle applies to landlords. A property owner is not automatically responsible for every crime committed by a tenant. Accountability depends on the law, the terms of the lease, the owner’s knowledge, any warning signs, the ability to intervene and whether the owner continued providing property or services after becoming aware of illegal activity.

Reuters reported that a Lim Heng Group representative filed legal complaints in September 2024 against two Cambodian publishers whose outlets had reported that foreign nationals were being confined at Royal Hill. One publisher said the article was accurate but removed it after receiving legal advice. The complaints demonstrate that trafficking allegations concerning Royal Hill had been communicated publicly by that point. They do not prove that the company knew those allegations were true or knew what was occurring inside the leased buildings.

Effective investigations must examine that timeline. Authorities need to determine when allegations first emerged, what information was available to owners or managers, whether inspections took place, who controlled access and security, and whether leases, payments or services continued after credible warning signs appeared.

The Corruption Question

Corruption is not proven simply because a business owner has political relationships or because authorities fail to stop a crime immediately. It must be established through evidence of bribery, abuse of office, improper influence, obstruction, protection or another defined offense.

Nevertheless, trafficking compounds operating openly at scale create an unavoidable corruption risk. Sites housing thousands of people are difficult to conceal from local officials, utility providers, police, immigration authorities and regulators. Their continued operation may reflect official complicity, but it can also result from fragmented institutions, fear, limited capacity, political interference or failures to share information. Each possibility requires investigation rather than assumption.

Reuters reported that Lim Heng holds a royal title, has appeared at social gatherings with senior military figures and donated $20,000 to Cambodia’s military in 2025. None of those facts proves involvement in criminal activity. They are relevant because influence and political access can affect whether regulators and investigators are willing or able to scrutinize commercially powerful figures.

UN experts stated in 2025 that organized criminal groups running scam centers were reportedly benefiting from corruption and impunity, including alleged collusion with officials, politicians, local law enforcement and influential business figures. The United States’ 2025 Trafficking in Persons Report similarly said Cambodian officials financially benefited from trafficking and highlighted the ownership of properties used by online scam operators. These are broad institutional assessments and should not be treated as findings against every property owner or official associated with Cambodia’s casino sector.

Amnesty International has also reported that licensed Cambodian casinos were directly connected to buildings where survivors described trafficking and other serious abuses. In April 2026, Amnesty said official licensing documents showed that plans for at least 12 casino sites linked to scam compounds had received regulatory recognition. Cambodia’s government did not provide a response to the organization’s latest investigation.

The corruption issue is therefore larger than whether one landlord can be shown to have known what a tenant was doing. It concerns whether property, licensing and political systems impose meaningful consequences when repeated trafficking allegations surround commercially valuable sites.

The Money Behind the Compounds

The Royal Hill lease reportedly generated $200,000 in monthly rent. At that rate, the two-year agreement would have been worth $4.8 million if paid in full.

High rental revenue can create distance between a compound operator and the owner of the underlying property. The criminal group controls the workers and fraud operation, while another business earns money by providing the location. Additional companies may provide security, internet access, vehicles, payment services or other support.

This fragmented model complicates enforcement because each participant can claim to be supplying an ordinary commercial service. Investigators must therefore follow payments across the entire network rather than focusing only on people found conducting scams.

In a separate case, the United States Treasury sanctioned Cambodian senator and businessman Kok An and associated companies in April 2026. Treasury alleged that properties owned through his casino and hospitality businesses housed scam centers, that rental income was collected from occupants and that related companies supplied services and security. The action did not involve Lim Heng or Royal Hill, but it illustrates the wider enforcement focus on property owners, commercial services and financial beneficiaries.

The Treasury also said Southeast Asian scam operations stole at least $10 billion from Americans in 2024 and frequently used cryptocurrency investment fraud. Those proceeds may pass through digital wallets, underground banking systems, payment processors, front companies and cash-intensive businesses before reaching organizers or being converted into legitimate assets.

For this reason, anti-trafficking enforcement cannot be separated from anti-money laundering work. The financial trail may reveal owners, intermediaries and beneficiaries who never appear inside the compound.

Who Is Most at Risk?

Scam-compound recruitment does not fit a single demographic profile.

Many identified victims are young or middle-aged adults seeking better-paid work abroad. Some have university education, technology skills or multilingual abilities that make them valuable to fraud operations targeting particular countries. Men appear to represent a large proportion of people trafficked for forced online criminality, although women and children are also affected and may face additional forms of exploitation.

People facing unemployment, debt, family expenses or restrictive migration systems may be more likely to accept overseas opportunities without being able to verify them fully. Migrants traveling on informal routes or inappropriate visas may then be reluctant to approach police because they fear detention, deportation or punishment for immigration violations.

Nationality can also become a commercial attribute. Organized groups may recruit workers based on their language, accent, cultural knowledge or familiarity with a target country. INTERPOL has documented victims trafficked to Southeast Asian compounds from Western Europe, East Africa and South America as criminal networks expand the languages and markets they can target.

Risk does not mean helplessness. Survivors have supplied investigators, researchers and journalists with evidence that has revealed recruitment methods, compound layouts, management structures and financial practices. Their knowledge should be treated as a source of expertise, not simply testimony of suffering.

What Governments and Institutions Are Doing

Cambodia has taken more visible action against online scam operations since 2025.

In February 2026, a senior Cambodian minister said authorities had closed or sealed approximately 190 scam sites, arrested 173 alleged senior crime figures and deported around 11,000 foreign workers. The government has also extradited Chen Zhi, the former head of Prince Group, to China and approved a law creating specific criminal provisions against online scams and associated conduct.

The Cambodian government has said it is working with international partners and investigating alleged fraud operations around Royal Hill. It has also argued that Thai forces must return control of occupied locations before Cambodian investigators can carry out their work there.

International cooperation has expanded through INTERPOL operations, ASEAN initiatives, sanctions, criminal investigations and information-sharing agreements. INTERPOL’s Operation Liberterra III, conducted across 119 countries, resulted in more than 3,700 arrests and the identification of 4,414 potential trafficking victims across multiple forms of exploitation, including scam-center operations.

The problem is that a raid can remove workers without dismantling the business system. Operators may receive advance warning, transfer people to another property, change company names or relocate to a neighboring jurisdiction. UNODC has warned that enforcement pressure is displacing scam operations into new locations and contributing to their global spread.

Amnesty’s 2026 investigation also found serious shortcomings in victim identification during Cambodia’s crackdown. It reported that some compounds continued operating after police interventions and that survivors were sometimes abandoned, detained or threatened instead of receiving protection. These findings are disputed implicitly by the government’s account of the crackdown’s scale, but the lack of detailed public information about inspected sites, evidence collected and people identified as victims makes independent assessment difficult.

What Still Needs to Change

The Royal Hill investigation demonstrates why enforcement must move outward from the compound floor.

Authorities should investigate beneficial ownership, leases, rental payments, security arrangements, utility contracts, telecommunications access and relationships between tenants, property managers and licensed businesses. This does not presume guilt. It identifies the evidence required to distinguish an unwitting landlord from a negligent one, and a negligent landlord from a knowing facilitator.

Casino and hotel licensing should include continuing human rights and anti-money laundering due diligence. Approval should not be treated as permanent when credible trafficking allegations emerge. Regulators need powers to inspect sites, review ownership structures, suspend licenses, preserve evidence and publish the basis for their decisions.

Victim screening must occur before prosecution, immigration detention or deportation. People found inside compounds should be interviewed confidentially by trained specialists, with access to interpretation, legal advice, healthcare and independent support. A person’s participation in fraud does not rule out trafficking, just as a claim of coercion should not prevent an evidence-based investigation.

Financial investigations should run alongside trafficking cases from the beginning. Rent, cryptocurrency transfers, bank accounts, shell companies and assets may reveal the people who profited most. OHCHR’s 2026 recommendations include creating victim funds financed through criminal asset seizures and court-ordered restitution, connecting financial accountability directly to survivor support.

Governments must also protect journalists, rescue workers and civil society organizations investigating compounds. Legal threats, intimidation and restrictions on independent reporting can remove the very sources of information needed to expose trafficking.

Finally, enforcement must be coordinated internationally. Recruitment may occur in one country, transit through another, lead to exploitation in Cambodia and target financial victims on a different continent. No single police force can reconstruct that chain alone.

What Not For Sale’s Perspective Adds

The Royal Hill case reinforces a principle central to Not For Sale’s work: modern-day slavery persists when exploitation remains more profitable and accessible than the alternatives available to people at risk.

Prevention must begin before someone reaches a guarded compound. It includes safer employment pathways, reliable information about overseas recruitment, access to legitimate work, support for communities under economic pressure and systems through which suspicious recruitment can be reported without fear.

It must also address the businesses and institutions surrounding exploitation. A trafficking operation is rarely sustained by traffickers alone. It relies on property, financial services, technology, transportation, labor recruitment and, in some cases, corruption or political protection.

Social innovation in this context does not mean looking for a technological solution to a technological crime. It means designing practical alternatives and accountability systems that reduce the supply of vulnerable recruits, interrupt the infrastructure available to organized crime and give survivors a credible path toward safety and economic independence.

The focus should remain on survivor dignity and agency. People trafficked into forced criminality should not be reduced either to criminals or to passive symbols of abuse. They are workers, witnesses, family members and potential leaders in the development of better prevention and protection systems.

What Readers Can Do

Readers can help by sharing verified information about fraudulent recruitment without circulating graphic or unconfirmed survivor accounts. Job offers involving overseas travel, unusually high salaries, vague duties, cryptocurrency companies or pressure to surrender a passport should be independently checked with the employer and relevant authorities.

People contacted by suspected investment or impersonation scammers should preserve messages, payment records, phone numbers, wallet addresses and website details before reporting the activity. This evidence can help investigators connect individual fraud cases to larger networks.

Those supporting anti-trafficking work should look for organizations that apply survivor-centered practices, provide long-term assistance and recognize forced criminality. Support should not depend on survivors presenting a simple or socially acceptable account of what happened to them.

Consumers, investors and business partners can also ask harder questions about casinos, resorts and real estate businesses operating in high-risk areas. Ownership transparency, licensing history, sanctions exposure and documented responses to trafficking allegations are legitimate areas of due diligence.

The most important object recovered at Royal Hill may not have been a scam script or a replica police uniform. It may have been the lease.

The document connects the machinery of global fraud to an ordinary commercial relationship: buildings supplied in exchange for rent. It does not prove that the landlord participated in trafficking, nor does it answer who ultimately controlled the operation. What it does is make the surrounding business system harder to ignore.

Scam compounds are often described as shadow economies, but their physical foundations are rarely hidden. They occupy land, use roads, draw electricity, sign contracts and generate income. The workers may be confined behind fences, while the operation itself remains connected to legitimate markets and institutions.

Dismantling that system requires more than rescuing people from individual buildings. It requires identifying who supplied those buildings, who benefited from their use, who received warnings, who failed to act and whether power or corruption prevented the law from reaching beyond the compound gates.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are Cambodia scam compounds?

Cambodia scam compounds are controlled sites used to conduct online fraud at scale. Some operate from casinos, hotels, resorts, apartment buildings or purpose-built complexes. Workers may include voluntary participants as well as people trafficked and forced to carry out scams.

What did Reuters find at the Royal Hill compound?

Reuters found a March 2024 lease showing that Royal Hill rented three buildings to an unnamed Chinese national for $200,000 a month. The buildings contained offices, dormitories, calling booths, scam documents and rooms staged to resemble foreign banks and police stations.

Did Reuters accuse Lim Heng Group of human trafficking?

No. Reuters reported that Lim Heng Group was the landlord of buildings used for scams and trafficking, but said it found no evidence that the company was directly involved in the trafficking or fraud. Lim Heng Group and Royal Hill did not respond to Reuters’ questions.

Why was the Royal Hill rent significant?

The lease reportedly charged $200,000 a month for three buildings. Reuters compared this with a similar-sized property in an affluent area of Phnom Penh advertised for $25,000 a month. The difference does not prove criminal knowledge, but it raises questions about the commercial value generated by the premises.

How are people trafficked into online scam centers?

People are commonly recruited through false offers for jobs in technology, administration, customer service, marketing or online businesses. Recruiters may arrange travel before passports are confiscated, debts imposed and movement restricted.

What is trafficking for forced criminality?

Trafficking for forced criminality occurs when a person is recruited, transported, confined or controlled and compelled to commit crimes for someone else’s benefit. In scam compounds, victims may be forced to conduct investment fraud, romance scams, impersonation schemes or sextortion.

Are all scam-center workers trafficking victims?

No. Some people participate voluntarily, while others are deceived or coerced. Authorities must assess each person individually using trafficking indicators, evidence of freedom of movement, recruitment circumstances, working conditions and the person’s ability to leave.

Should trafficking victims be prosecuted for scams they were forced to commit?

International human rights standards state that trafficking victims should not be punished for illegal acts they were compelled to commit as a direct consequence of their exploitation. This is called the non-punishment principle.

Why are casinos associated with scam compounds?

Casinos can provide large properties, accommodation, private security, cross-border access and cash-intensive financial environments. UNODC and other investigators have documented overlaps among casinos, cyberfraud, underground banking, money laundering and trafficking in Southeast Asia. This does not mean that every casino is involved in crime.

How is corruption connected to scam compounds?

Corruption may allow operators to avoid inspection, receive warnings about raids, obtain licenses, move money or secure protection. Evidence must be established in each case, but UN experts and government reports have identified corruption and impunity as major obstacles to dismantling scam-center networks.

What is Cambodia doing about online scam centers?

Cambodia says it has closed or sealed hundreds of locations, arrested alleged organizers, deported foreign workers and introduced legislation specifically targeting online scams. Independent organizations argue that many compounds remain operational and that victim identification and support remain inadequate.

What needs to happen next?

Authorities need to investigate the full business network around each compound, including ownership, leases, security, financial flows and political protection. They must also identify trafficking victims before detention or prosecution, strengthen cross-border cooperation and use confiscated assets to support survivors.

Sources

1. Reuters, “Cambodian tycoon was landlord to Chinese scammers,” July 15, 2026
   https://www.reuters.com/graphics/CAMBODIA-SCAMS/egpbwjyeovq/
2. INTERPOL, “Global Financial Fraud Threat Assessment 2026”
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7. OHCHR and ASEAN-Australia Counter Trafficking, “Key Interventions to Prevent Fraudulent Recruitment and Strengthen Protection of Victims of Trafficking for Forced Criminality,” 2026
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8. Amnesty International, “Cambodia: Evidence suggests scamming compounds bypassed despite high-profile crackdown,” June 8, 2026
   https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/06/cambodia-evidence-suggests-scamming-compounds-bypassed-despite-high-profile-crackdown/
9. Amnesty International, “Cambodia: Casinos get state approval despite links to human rights abuse at scamming compounds,” April 2, 2026
   https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/04/cambodia-casinos-get-state-approval-despite-links-to-human-rights-abuse-at-scamming-compounds/
10. United States Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Cambodian Senator Kok An and Scam Center Network Defrauding Americans,” April 23, 2026
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12. Open Development Cambodia, “Law on Combating Online Scams,” April 7, 2026
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