Ethiopian police say an alleged international trafficking network transported more than 40,000 people toward Saudi Arabia, held migrants in warehouses in Yemen and used recorded abuse to extract ransom payments from their families. The arrest of 17 suspects exposes a wider system of recruitment, coercion and violence operating along one of the world’s most dangerous migration routes.

Ethiopian police have arrested 17 people accused of operating a multimillion-dollar international human trafficking network that moved more than 40,000 Ethiopians toward Saudi Arabia through Djibouti and Yemen.

The suspects are alleged to have recruited people with promises of work and a better life before transporting them into a system of detention, extortion and violence. Ethiopian authorities say migrants were held in warehouses in Yemen, where some were tortured while the abuse was filmed and sent to relatives who were ordered to pay ransoms.

Police have linked the alleged network to the deaths of more than 60 migrants, sexual violence against several women and the collection of more than one billion Ethiopian birr, approximately $6.2 million, from migrants and their families. The allegations have not yet been tested in court.

The case matters beyond the arrests. It shows how a journey that may begin as voluntary migration can become trafficking, hostage-taking or aggravated migrant smuggling when people are deceived, confined, threatened or exploited after leaving home.

It also draws attention to the Eastern Route between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. International Organization for Migration data shows that more than 100,000 people traveled through Yemen in 2025, while arrivals accelerated sharply during the first half of 2026. The route continues despite war in Yemen, deaths at sea, abuse in transit and repeated warnings from humanitarian organizations.

What This Article Covers

• What Ethiopian police allege the trafficking network did.
• Who has been arrested and what happens next legally.
• How migrants were reportedly recruited, transported and controlled.
• Why the Ethiopia, Djibouti, Yemen and Saudi Arabia route is so dangerous.
• The difference between migrant smuggling and human trafficking.
• The economic and political systems that allow trafficking networks to operate.
• What governments, institutions and communities must do to prevent further exploitation.

Key Takeaways

• Ethiopian police have arrested 17 suspects over an alleged trafficking operation involving more than 40,000 people.
• Authorities say migrants were promised opportunities in Saudi Arabia but were later held in warehouses in Yemen.
• The alleged network reportedly used violence and recordings of abuse to pressure families into paying ransoms.
• Police have connected the network to more than 60 deaths and sexual violence against several women.
• The suspects have not been convicted, and the allegations must now proceed through Ethiopia’s justice system.
• The case demonstrates how migrant smuggling can overlap with human trafficking, extortion, unlawful detention and money laundering.
• Arrests alone will not end the trade without safe migration routes, verified employment systems, survivor protection and economic alternatives to dangerous migration.

Why This Story Matters Now

The arrests were announced on July 21, 2026, as movement along the Eastern Route was again increasing.

The route generally carries migrants from Ethiopia and Somalia through Djibouti or Somaliland, across the Gulf of Aden or Red Sea into Yemen, and then north toward Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states. Many people travel in search of employment, financial security or a way to support relatives at home.

During the first three months of 2026, the International Organization for Migration recorded 57,414 migrant arrivals in Yemen. Ninety-five percent were reportedly Ethiopian. A further 43,669 migrants were recorded between April and June, taking monitored arrivals during the first half of the year above 100,000.

These figures do not represent the complete number of people using the route. IOM monitoring covers known and accessible arrival points, meaning unobserved movements may not be included.

The scale of movement gives trafficking and smuggling organizations a large population to target. Networks can operate through recruiters in towns and rural communities, transport coordinators, boat operators, warehouse guards, informal money-transfer systems and contacts in destination countries.

The alleged Ethiopian network appears to have relied on precisely this kind of division of labor. According to police, brokers identified potential migrants in different parts of Ethiopia and told them they could reach Saudi Arabia through Yemen and secure better living conditions. After crossing Ethiopia’s eastern border, some migrants were allegedly transported to detention sites and held until their families paid money.

What Is Alleged to Have Happened?

Ethiopian Federal Police say the 17 suspects formed an organized network involved in human trafficking, illegal money transfers and money laundering.

Authorities identified the alleged leader as Mohamed Tahir Aden, also known as “Werdi.” The BBC rendered his name as Mohammed Tahir and his nickname as “Wordi,” reflecting differences in transliteration. He and the other suspects had not commented publicly on the allegations or appeared in court when the BBC published its report on July 21.

A police spokesperson told BBC News Amharic that suspects were arrested in Addis Ababa and the eastern Ethiopian city of Harar during an operation lasting approximately 15 days.

Police subsequently transferred the investigation file to Ethiopia’s Ministry of Justice. Authorities say the file contains documentary evidence and witness statements, including testimony gathered from people in Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia.

According to the police account, the alleged operation worked in several stages.

Recruiters first approached people seeking employment or a way to reach Saudi Arabia. They allegedly presented the journey as a realistic route toward improved income and living conditions.

Migrants were then transported eastward through Ethiopia and Djibouti before crossing into Yemen. Once in Yemen, some were allegedly moved to warehouses created or used as detention facilities.

Police say the migrants were subjected to severe physical and psychological abuse. Those operating the facilities allegedly demanded money from relatives and recorded the abuse of people whose families could not immediately pay. The recordings were then sent to relatives as a means of pressure.

Authorities have not published a full breakdown of the number of people detained, the length of their confinement, the individual ransom amounts demanded or the locations of the alleged warehouses.

Police nevertheless claim that the network trafficked more than 40,000 people, obtained more than one billion birr, caused more than 60 deaths and committed sexual violence against several women. These remain allegations unless and until proven through legal proceedings.

Investigators also allege that money obtained from migrants and their families was converted into property and other assets. Ethiopian authorities say they have frozen a house, vehicles and funds connected to the suspects.

The Background: The Eastern Migration Route

The Eastern Route is one of the principal migration corridors connecting the Horn of Africa with Yemen and the Gulf states.

For many Ethiopian migrants, Saudi Arabia is the intended destination. Employment in agriculture, construction, domestic work and other sectors may appear to offer earnings that are difficult to obtain at home.

The journey commonly involves overland travel through eastern Ethiopia and Djibouti, followed by a sea crossing to Yemen. Migrants must then travel through a country affected by more than a decade of war, political fragmentation, armed control and humanitarian crisis before attempting to cross the Saudi border.

In 2025, IOM recorded approximately 107,900 arrivals in Yemen from the Horn of Africa, an increase of 77 percent from the previous year. The organization also recorded 922 deaths or disappearances along the Eastern Route during 2025, almost twice the 558 documented in 2024. IOM has repeatedly warned that recorded deaths represent only known incidents and that the real total may be higher.

The dangers do not begin or end at the shoreline. Migrants can experience deprivation, abandonment, robbery, kidnapping, sexual violence, forced transportation, arbitrary detention and extortion at several points along the route.

In March 2025, the International Organization for Migration reported that more than 180 people were feared dead after four boats sank off Yemen and Djibouti. By that point, its Missing Migrants Project had recorded more than 3,400 deaths and disappearances on the Eastern Route since 2014.

The route remains active because the forces driving migration remain stronger than the deterrent effect of its dangers. Economic insecurity, unemployment, debt, conflict, family responsibilities and the expectation of overseas work continue to influence migration decisions.

This does not mean migrants are unaware of the risks. Many make complex decisions while facing limited options. Some may know that the journey is dangerous but rely on assurances that a particular recruiter, broker or route is safer than others.

Traffickers use that uncertainty. They do not need to conceal every danger. They only need to persuade someone that their own offer is credible.

Migrant Smuggling and Human Trafficking Are Not the Same Crime

The terms human trafficking and migrant smuggling are often used interchangeably, but they describe different crimes.

Migrant smuggling usually involves arranging someone’s unlawful entry into another country for financial or material benefit. The person generally agrees to the movement, even though the journey may be dangerous and the border crossing illegal.

Human trafficking involves recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a person through force, fraud, coercion, deception, abduction or abuse of vulnerability for the purpose of exploitation.

Movement across a border is not required for trafficking. A person can be trafficked within their own country, and an apparently consensual journey can become trafficking when control, coercion or exploitation begins.

Not For Sale provides a fuller explanation in its guide to what human trafficking means and how it differs from other forms of modern-day slavery.

The distinction becomes complicated along irregular migration routes. A person may initially pay someone to facilitate a journey and later be held against their will, sold to another group, forced into labor, sexually exploited or compelled to pay debts or ransom.

United Nations guidance recognizes that migrant smuggling and trafficking can exist along a continuum. Abuse by smugglers does not automatically make every case human trafficking, but deception, confinement and exploitation may meet elements of trafficking or other serious crimes. The precise classification depends on the purpose of the criminal conduct, the evidence available and the applicable national law.

In the current Ethiopian case, police are using the language of human trafficking. Allegations that people were recruited through false promises, transported, confined, assaulted and used to extract money from families provide substantial reasons for investigators to examine trafficking alongside kidnapping, extortion, sexual violence, homicide, money laundering and aggravated smuggling.

The courts, rather than police or news organizations, must ultimately determine which offences can be proven.

How the Alleged Network Controlled Migrants

Deceptive recruitment

False employment promises are among the most common recruitment tools used in trafficking.

A prospective migrant may be told that travel documents will be arranged, the journey will be quick or work is guaranteed. Recruiters can appear credible because they live locally, speak the same language or have connections to relatives and previous migrants.

The alleged Ethiopian network reportedly used brokers across several parts of the country to find people seeking opportunities abroad.

Isolation during transit

Once a migrant has crossed a border, their ability to leave can decline rapidly.

They may not know their location, speak the local language or understand the legal system. They may have no passport, telephone, money or safe contact. Their relatives may believe they are still traveling normally.

Yemen’s conflict and fragmented authority create additional opportunities for criminal groups to conceal people and operate detention sites beyond consistent law enforcement oversight.

Debt and ransom

Migrants may begin a journey with an agreed payment but later face new demands for transport, food, release or passage to the next stage.

Families frequently borrow money, sell property or ask relatives abroad for help. Even after one payment is made, another group may demand more.

In the Ethiopian case, police allege that migrants themselves became the means through which money was extracted. Their confinement and suffering were used to pressure relatives.

Violence as communication

The alleged recording of abuse is particularly significant.

Violence was not only reportedly used to punish or control people in detention. It was allegedly turned into a message designed for family members. The purpose of the recording was to prove that the threat was real and create immediate pressure to pay.

Readers should not share or republish any such recordings. Circulating abuse footage can violate the dignity and privacy of those shown, expose families and witnesses, and serve the intimidation strategy of the perpetrators.

Who Is Most at Risk?

Police have not released a complete demographic profile of the people allegedly moved by the network. It would therefore be wrong to assume that every person had the same background or experience.

Evidence from the wider Eastern Route nevertheless identifies several recurring vulnerabilities.

People seeking overseas employment

Recruiters can exploit the gap between the demand for work abroad and the limited availability of transparent, affordable and legally regulated recruitment.

People do not become vulnerable because they want better work. Vulnerability arises when criminal groups control the information, transport and contacts needed to pursue it.

Young people

The Mixed Migration Centre has warned that trafficking and smuggling groups across Eastern Africa target young people, including minors, through promises of employment and onward travel.

Younger migrants may have less experience assessing contracts, recruitment fees or route risks. Unaccompanied children also face heightened dangers during detention and transit.

Women and girls

Women and girls can face sexual violence during recruitment, transit, detention and employment. Police have specifically alleged sexual violence against several women in this case, although no further details have been released.

Survivor-centered reporting requires restraint. The absence of public detail should not be filled with speculation.

Undocumented migrants

A lack of legal status can make people reluctant to contact police, seek medical care or leave an abusive employer or detention site.

Traffickers may threaten victims with arrest or deportation, even when the traffickers themselves created or control the person’s irregular status.

Families facing debt

The effects extend beyond the person traveling. When ransom demands reach relatives, entire households can lose savings, property or income.

A family may pay repeatedly without knowing whether the person will be released, transferred or subjected to further demands.

People who have already attempted the journey

Returning home does not necessarily remove trafficking risk. Migrants may return with debt, limited income and continued pressure to provide for relatives. Some attempt the journey again, making them vulnerable to the same brokers or new networks.

The Systems Behind the Harm

The allegations should not be reduced to the behavior of one suspected leader or 17 defendants.

A network capable of moving tens of thousands of people would require coordination across communities, borders and jurisdictions. It may involve recruiters, drivers, accommodation providers, boat operators, guards, money collectors, document facilitators and people responsible for transferring or investing proceeds.

Understanding these systems is essential because arresting senior figures does not automatically dismantle the infrastructure beneath them.

Unsafe and inaccessible migration pathways

When legal labor migration is expensive, difficult to understand or unavailable, unregulated brokers gain influence.

A person who cannot verify a job offer, recruitment license or employment contract must rely on personal assurances. Criminal organizations can imitate legitimate recruitment while avoiding the protections that should accompany formal employment.

Conflict and fragmented authority

War does not cause trafficking by itself, but it weakens institutions and creates spaces in which people can be hidden, transferred and abused.

Yemen’s territorial fragmentation complicates investigations and victim protection. An alleged crime may involve recruitment in Ethiopia, border movement through Djibouti, detention in Yemen, relatives making payments elsewhere and an intended destination in Saudi Arabia.

No single police service can investigate that entire chain alone.

Informal and concealed financial flows

Small payments may be collected in cash or transferred through informal systems. Larger proceeds can be converted into vehicles, buildings or businesses.

Ethiopian authorities’ decision to investigate money laundering and freeze assets is therefore important. Financial investigations can identify people who never directly transported or guarded migrants but helped the network retain its profits.

Economic inequality

A recruiter’s promise becomes powerful when it is attached to a genuine need.

Preventing trafficking requires more than telling people not to migrate. It requires credible local livelihoods, access to education, reliable employment information and migration systems that do not force people to choose between economic stagnation and dangerous informal routes.

The Human Impact

The figure of 40,000 people is difficult to comprehend, and police have not published the individual records behind it.

Each journey would have involved a separate decision, family and set of expectations. Some people may have reached their destination. Others may have been detained, returned, disappeared or died.

The alleged network’s impact also extends to relatives who received ransom demands or recordings. Families may have been forced to decide whether to sell assets or take on debt without knowing whether payment would protect the person being held.

People who survive detention may require medical treatment, safe accommodation, legal assistance, documentation, psychosocial support and help recovering money or property. Some may also fear retaliation or social stigma.

Survivor support cannot end when someone is released or returned home. Recovery may take years, and support should be voluntary, confidential and shaped by what each person says they need.

Not For Sale’s reporting on human trafficking and modern-day slavery explains why legal freedom alone does not immediately restore economic security, health or choice.

How This Connects to Ecocide or Environmental Harm

There is currently no public evidence connecting the alleged Ethiopian network directly to ecocide, environmental crime, illegal resource extraction or ecosystem destruction.

That distinction matters. Environmental harm should not be inserted into a trafficking story without supporting evidence.

Environmental and climate pressures can, however, contribute to wider migration vulnerability when drought, land degradation, flooding or lost livelihoods reduce the ability of families to support themselves. These pressures interact with unemployment, conflict, debt and inequality rather than operating as a single cause.

Nothing currently published by Ethiopian police establishes that environmental displacement caused the alleged victims in this case to migrate.

For a wider explanation of how ecological loss can increase trafficking risk in other contexts, Not For Sale has published a detailed glossary of ecocide, climate displacement and environmental exploitation.

What Governments and Institutions Are Doing

Ethiopia adopted the Prevention and Suppression of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Persons Proclamation No. 1178/2020 to strengthen criminal penalties, prevention, victim protection and international cooperation.

The law distinguishes trafficking from migrant smuggling and provides a legal basis for prosecuting organized networks. The current investigation also includes alleged illegal money transfers and money laundering.

Ethiopian Federal Police say the investigation was conducted with the Ministry of Justice, the National Intelligence and Security Service and other institutions. Police have transferred the file to prosecutors for further action.

Regional cooperation is supported through initiatives including INTERPOL’s Project ROCK, which helps police forces in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan exchange information and investigate trafficking and migrant-smuggling networks.

In February 2026, IOM and its partners launched a $91 million appeal to assist migrants along the Eastern and Southern Routes. The plan includes protection services, humanitarian support, voluntary return and reintegration, action against trafficking, and programs intended to address some of the pressures driving irregular migration.

These measures are important, but enforcement remains uneven. Trafficking networks can replace arrested recruiters, move detention sites or change crossing points when one area receives greater police attention.

Not For Sale previously examined why coordinated international operations matter in its report on an INTERPOL operation involving 119 countries and more than 4,400 people identified as being at risk.

What Still Needs to Change

The investigation must extend across borders

Identifying Ethiopian recruiters is only one part of the case.

Authorities need to establish who transported migrants through Djibouti, who operated or controlled facilities in Yemen, who collected payments, how money crossed borders and whether other individuals or businesses knowingly benefited.

Cooperation with authorities and protection organizations in Djibouti, Yemen and Saudi Arabia will be essential.

Survivors and witnesses need protection

People who testify may face threats from associates of the network or fear consequences related to their immigration status.

Witness protection, confidential reporting channels, legal assistance and safeguards against retaliation should be treated as part of the investigation, not as separate humanitarian concerns.

Assets should support remedy

Freezing property can prevent alleged proceeds from disappearing. If courts determine that assets were acquired through criminal activity, governments should pursue lawful confiscation and consider how recovered funds can contribute to compensation and survivor support.

Recruitment must become easier to verify

Prospective workers need accessible ways to confirm whether recruiters, employers, contracts and travel arrangements are legitimate.

Information must reach communities before a broker makes contact. Generic warnings about migration are less useful than specific guidance explaining fees, documentation, contracts, routes and emergency contacts.

Prevention must address economic reality

People will continue to move while substantial differences in wages and opportunity exist.

Prevention should therefore include safer labor pathways, enforceable recruitment standards, skills development, local enterprise, access to finance and credible employment options.

Better data is needed

The police estimate of more than 40,000 people is exceptionally large. Authorities should publish further information when legally and ethically possible, including the period covered, how the figure was calculated and how many individuals have been located or offered assistance.

Transparency would help researchers and protection agencies understand the network’s scale while preserving the anonymity of survivors and witnesses.

What Not For Sale’s Perspective Adds

Not For Sale approaches human trafficking as both a criminal justice issue and a failure of economic, social and protective systems.

Law enforcement is necessary. Networks that confine, exploit or profit from people must be investigated, and those responsible should face fair legal proceedings.

But prevention begins earlier.

It begins when a young person can find dignified work without relying on an unverified broker. It begins when communities receive accurate information about recruitment and migration. It begins when survivors can access housing, care, education and income without being defined permanently by what was done to them.

This is why Not For Sale focuses on survivor dignity, frontline knowledge, economic opportunity and social innovation alongside accountability.

The purpose is not simply to warn people away from danger. It is to help create alternatives strong enough that a trafficker’s promise loses its power.

Readers can explore these approaches in Not For Sale’s social innovation glossary and its guide to the World Day Against Trafficking in Persons 2026.

What Readers Can Do

Readers should avoid sharing unverified images, names or allegations about people who may have been trafficked. Public exposure can endanger survivors, witnesses and their relatives.

Anyone considering overseas employment should independently verify the recruiter, employer, contract, visa arrangements, fees and destination. A promise made through a trusted acquaintance is not a substitute for official documentation.

Communities can share accurate information about deceptive recruitment, debt demands, confiscated documents, restricted movement and threats against relatives. Not For Sale’s guide on recognizing and responding to trafficking in local communities provides a useful starting point.

Readers can also support organizations that offer long-term, survivor-centered assistance rather than treating rescue as the end of the process.

Finally, governments and employers should be asked how overseas workers are recruited, how complaints can be reported safely and what protections exist when a journey crosses several jurisdictions.

The arrest of 17 suspects is a significant development, but it is not yet proof that the network has been dismantled.

The allegations describe a business built around aspiration and fear. People looking for work were allegedly recruited through the promise of a better future. Once they entered the route, their movement, safety and relationships with their families were reportedly converted into sources of profit.

The legal process must now establish what happened, who was responsible and whether the evidence supports the charges that prosecutors may bring.

At the same time, governments cannot wait for a verdict before addressing the conditions exposed by the investigation.

As long as safe employment routes remain inaccessible, migration information remains controlled by brokers and people can be hidden between national jurisdictions, other networks will be ready to take the place of those arrested.

The central question is therefore larger than whether one alleged leader can be prosecuted.

It is whether the systems surrounding the Eastern Route can be changed so that seeking work no longer places a person’s freedom, family and life in the hands of an organized criminal network.

Frequently Asked Questions

What happened in the Ethiopia human trafficking case?

Ethiopian police arrested 17 suspects accused of operating an international network that transported more than 40,000 Ethiopians toward Saudi Arabia through Djibouti and Yemen. Police allege that migrants were detained, abused and used to extract ransom payments from their families.

Who is Mohamed Tahir Aden?

Ethiopian authorities identified Mohamed Tahir Aden, also known as “Werdi,” as the alleged leader of the network. The BBC referred to him as Mohammed Tahir, nicknamed “Wordi.” He has not been convicted, and the allegations against him must be proven in court.

How many people were allegedly trafficked?

Ethiopian police say the network transported more than 40,000 people. Authorities have not yet published the underlying records or explained publicly how the total was calculated.

How much money did the alleged network collect?

Police allege that the network obtained more than one billion Ethiopian birr, approximately $6.2 million, from migrants and their relatives.

What route were the migrants taking?

The alleged route ran from Ethiopia through Djibouti and Yemen toward Saudi Arabia. It forms part of the Eastern Route connecting the Horn of Africa with the Arabian Peninsula.

Why do Ethiopian migrants travel through Yemen?

Many hope to find employment in Saudi Arabia or elsewhere in the Gulf. Yemen is geographically positioned between the Horn of Africa and the Saudi border, despite remaining affected by war and humanitarian crisis.

Is migrant smuggling the same as human trafficking?

No. Smuggling generally involves facilitating illegal border entry for payment. Trafficking involves force, fraud, coercion or abuse for the purpose of exploitation. A smuggling journey can develop into trafficking when a migrant is deceived, confined or exploited.

Were migrants reportedly held in Yemen?

Ethiopian police allege that migrants were held in warehouses in Yemen. Some were reportedly assaulted and filmed while being abused so that recordings could be sent to relatives with ransom demands.

Have the 17 suspects been convicted?

No. They are suspects, and the police allegations have not yet been tested in court. The investigation file has been submitted to Ethiopia’s Ministry of Justice for further legal action.

What law does Ethiopia use against trafficking?

Ethiopia’s principal legislation is Proclamation No. 1178/2020 on the Prevention and Suppression of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Persons. It covers prosecution, prevention, victim protection and international cooperation.

Why is the Eastern Route so dangerous?

Migrants face desert crossings, unsafe boats, conflict in Yemen, detention, extortion, sexual violence, trafficking and abuse. IOM recorded 922 deaths and disappearances on the route during 2025, while warning that the true number may be higher.

What would reduce trafficking on this route?

Effective prevention requires cross-border investigations, regulated recruitment, safer labor migration, economic alternatives, reliable information, financial investigations, survivor protection and cooperation between Ethiopia, Djibouti, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

Sources

BBC News, Ethiopia police arrest alleged leader of multi-million-dollar trafficking ring:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4gklwpv1wyo

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Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, Videos of Torture for Millions in Ransom: Ethiopia Smashes Notorious Trafficking Ring:
https://www.occrp.org/en/news/videos-of-torture-for-millions-in-ransom-ethiopia-smashes-notorious-trafficking-ring

Xinhua, republished by The Star, Ethiopian police arrest 17 suspects in human trafficking network:
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https://dtm.iom.int/reports/east-horn-and-southern-africa-migration-along-eastern-route-report-62-january-december-2025

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https://www.iom.int/news/over-180-migrants-feared-dead-after-shipwrecks-yemens-coast

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https://www.iom.int/news/usd-91m-appeal-launched-support-migrants-along-key-african-migration-corridors

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https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Human-trafficking-and-migrant-smuggling/Projects/Project-Rock

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https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2024/GLOTIP2024_BOOK.pdf